The self-determination theory states that in order to learn, the three basic needs must be taken into account: autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Ryan and Deci (2000) argue that to enable students to learn effectively (or to motivate them intrinsically), it is important to consider the three basic needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. • Autonomy: The urge to be the owner of your own learning process (note: this does not mean being independent of others). Give students sufficient (choice)freedom in learning, but not too much. • Competence: Trying to control the outcome and experience mastery. Make things difficult enough, but not too difficult. Address students just above their own abilities so they grow the most (see also: zone of proximal development). • Relatedness: The desire for interaction, connection, and the experience of caring for others. Learning is a social process: let students collaborate and engage in modelling.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Bekkering, H. & Van der Helden, J. (2015). De lerende mens. Meppel, Nederland: Boom Uitgevers.